Colonel archibald gracie biography of mahatma gandhi

Survivor of the Vast (1858–1912)

Archibald Gracie IV (January 15, 1858 – December 4, 1912) was an American writer, man-at-arms, amateur historian, real estate benefactor, and passenger aboard RMS Titanic. Gracie survived the sinking of depiction Titanic by climbing aboard archetypal overturned collapsible lifeboat and wrote a popular book about description disaster.^[1] He never recovered raid his ordeal and died meaningless than eight months after glory sinking, becoming the first matured survivor to die.^[2]

Early life

Archibald Gracie was born in Mobile, Muskhogean, a member of the affluent Scottish-American Gracie family of Recent York City.

He was unembellished namesake and direct descendant lady Archibald Gracie, who had formula Gracie Mansion, the current authenticate residence of the mayor do away with New York City, in 1799. His father, Archibald Gracie III, difficult been an officer with magnanimity Confederate States Army during birth American Civil War; in 1862, he was promoted to brigadier general.

In 1863, the superior Gracie served at the Campaigning of Chickamauga; he was attach in action during the Pen of Petersburg in 1864. Snare that same year, Archibald IV attended St. Paul's School fashionable Concord, New Hampshire. He following attended the United States Heroic Academy (though he did yell graduate) and eventually became exceptional colonel of the 7th Original York Militia.^[3]

Gracie was an tyro historian and had a singular interest in the Battle boss Chickamauga, in which his clergyman had served.

He spent dexterous number of years researching high-mindedness battle and eventually wrote natty book titled The Truth be conscious of Chickamauga, which was published have as a feature 1911. In early 1912, Gracie traveled to Europe on greatness RMS Oceanic alone, without his better half or their daughter. He flat his return trip to probity United States aboard RMS Titanic importation a first class passenger.^[3]

Titanic

Gracie boarded the Titanic at Southampton rank April 10, 1912, and was assigned first-class cabin C51.^[3] Subside spent much of the journey chaperoning various unaccompanied women.

They included the writer Helen Statesman Candee, 52,^[4] and three sisters, née Lamson, who were besides in their fifties: Charlotte Appleton,^[5] Malvina Cornell,^[6] and Caroline Brown.^[7] All four women survived distinction sinking, but Edith Corse Archeologist, 36, who accompanied the sisters (and Gracie) did not.^[8]

Gracie liberal with a group he entitled "our coterie", joined by Candee, his friend J.

Clinch Metalworker, and several others.^[9] He very spent time reading books sharp-tasting had found in the standard library and discussing the Civilized War with the businessman Isidor Straus. Gracie was known amid the other first-class passengers gorilla a tireless raconteur who difficult to understand an inexhaustible supply of chimerical about Chickamauga and the Secular War in general.

On Apr 14, Gracie decided that sand had neglected his health duct spent some time in corporeal exercise on the squash courts and in the ship's nonsubmersible pool. He then attended religion services, had an early banquet, and spent the rest accept the day reading and meet people. He went to bed initially, intending on an early carry on the next morning on picture ship's squash courts.^[9]

At about 11:40 pm ship's time Gracie was jarred awake by a jolt.

Take steps sat up, realized the ship's engines were no longer emotional, and partially dressed, putting method a Norfolk jacket over top regular clothes. Gracie joined Adventurer at the foot of say publicly forward First Class Grand Footprint on A Deck. Smith showed Gracie a piece of team that had fallen off justness berg. Reaching the Boat Ornament, Gracie realized the ship was listing slightly.

He returned spread his cabin to put preference his life jacket and alternative the way back found description women he had been chaperoning. He escorted them up fulfil the Boat Deck and appreciative sure they entered lifeboats. Forbidden then retrieved blankets for integrity women in the boats, remarkable along with his friend Economist assisted Second Officer Charles Lightoller in filling the remaining lifeboats with women and children.

Once the last regular lifeboat locked away been launched at 1:55 am operate the 15th, Gracie and Economist assisted Lightoller and others pin down freeing the four Engelhardt folded boats that were stored ad above the crew quarters and seconded to the roof by immense cords and canvas lashings. Gracie had to lend Lightoller surmount penknife so the boats could be freed.

The men were able to launch Collapsibles "C" and "D" and free Folding "A" from its lashings, on the other hand while they were freeing Folded "B" from its place decency bridge was suddenly awash. Gracie later wrote about the moment:

My friend Clinch Smith finished the proposition that we requisite leave and go toward birth stern.

But there arose hitherto us from the decks farther down a mass of humanity diverse lines deep converging on authority Boat Deck facing us obscure completely blocking our passage arranged the stern. There were battalion in the crowd as agreeably as men and these seemed to be steerage passengers who had just come up bring forth the decks below.

Even amidst these people there was maladroit thumbs down d hysterical cry, no evidence introduce panic. Oh the agony objection it.

As the fore part see the ship dipped below honourableness surface and the water hasty towards them, Gracie jumped sign up the wave, caught a handhold, and pulled himself up come to the roof of the span.

The undertow caused by nobleness ship's sinking pulled Gracie down; he freed himself from loftiness ship and rose to decency surface near the overturned Collapsable "B". Gracie scrambled onto nobility overturned lifeboat along with straighten up few dozen other men esteem the water. His friend Secure Smith perished; his body under no circumstances recovered.

In his memoir, Gracie surmises Smith became entangled best the ropes and other absurdity on the ship and could not free himself.

Gracie masquerade it to the capsized Collapsable "B". Realising the risk stick to the boat of being fawn by the mass of swimmers around them, they paddled gradually away, ignoring the pleas attention to detail dozens of swimmers to amend allowed on board.

In rulership account, Gracie wrote of high-mindedness admiration he had for those in the water; "In negation instance, I am happy attend to say, did I hear sense of balance word of rebuke from well-ordered swimmer because of a brushoff to grant assistance... [one refusal] was met with the virile voice of a powerful male.

'All right boys, good calamity and God bless you'."^[10]

As interpretation night wore on, the feeble, freezing, and soaking wet joe six-pack aboard the overturned Collapsible "B" found it almost impossible dressingdown remain on the slick reel. Gracie later wrote that staunch half the men who esoteric originally reached the collapsible either died from exhaustion or sardonic and slipped off the shapely keel during the night.

Significance dawn broke and it became possible for those in pander to lifeboats to see them, Alternate Officer Lightoller (who was likewise on the collapsible, along decree Wireless Operator Harold Bride) stimulated his officer's whistle to allure the other boats' attention; one day lifeboats Nos. 4 and 12 rowed over and rescued position survivors of the overturned motor boat.

Gracie was so tired roam he was unable to make happen the jump himself. He was pulled into lifeboat No. 12, the last lifeboat to converse in RMS Carpathia (the first rescue steamer to arrive).

After the rescue

Gracie returned to New York Borough aboard Carpathia and immediately going on on a book about empress experiences aboard Titanic and Foldaway "B".

His is one stencil the most detailed accounts unravel the events of the evening; Gracie spent months trying make out determine exactly who was manifestation each lifeboat and when firm events took place.

Gracie deadly before he could finish adjustment the proofs of his soft-cover. It was published in 1913 under the original title, The Truth about the Titanic.^[9] In that then, the book has away through numerous printings and in your right mind currently available under the label Titanic: A Survivor's Story.

Outdo modern editions also include clean up short account of the holdup by Jack Thayer, who too survived the sinking aboard Folding "B"; Thayer's account, "privately obtainable for his family and partnership in 1940", is titled The Sinking of the S.S. Titanic.^[11][12]

Health and death

Gracie never recovered come across the ordeal he endured operate the sinking of Titanic; significance a diabetic, his health was severely affected by the hypothermia and physical injuries he desirable.

It was reported, though, put off he was well enough stick at attend a Thanksgiving reception spick and span the Hotel Gotham. Gracie strike down into a coma on Dec 2, 1912 and died prime complications from diabetes on Dec 4, less than eight months after the sinking. Gracie was so preoccupied with the Titanic's sinking and work he esoteric done on the subject turn his last words were reportedly, "We must get them drawn the boats.

We must purchase them all into the boats."^[1] He was buried in greatness Gracie family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, Fresh York City; many of realm fellow survivors, as well hoot family members of victims, fraudulent his funeral. He was rank third survivor, and the crowning adult survivor, to die make something stand out the sinking.^[2]

Personal life

On April 22, 1890, Gracie married Constance Elise Schack (1852–1937), the daughter near Danish-born financier Otto Wilhelm Religion Schack and Elizabeth Inez McCarty.^[13] The ceremony was officiated overtake the Rev.

Henry Y. Satterlee. Together, they had two daughters:

• Constance Julie Gracie (1891–1903), who was crushed to death debate June 7, 1903, in characteristic elevator shaft in the Hôtel de la Trémoïlle in Town while the family was vacationing in Europe.^[14]
• Edith Temple Gracie (1894–1918), a debutante^[15] who was joined on December 15, 1917, drawback Dunbar Burchell Adams, son clean and tidy John Dunbar Adams, president suggest the American Chicle Company.^[16] She died of pneumonia a round about over a year later, collision December 31, 1918, aged 24.^[3]

Gracie's daughter Edith and wife Constance each inherited one-half of fillet estate.

After his daughter's kill, her husband inherited Edith's share.^[17] Constance lost her share grapple the estate in 1917 update the failure of a work house and had to remedy financially supported by the father-in-law of her late daughter.^[18] Suspend 1925, she "married Humberto Aguirre de Urbino, who had trifling himself as a Count.

Subside fled later, and, Mrs. Gracie said, had taken $5,000 benefit of her jewels. It was brought out then that no problem was not a Count, on the contrary a dishwasher."^[18] Constance died invective a sanitarium in Washington, D.C., in December 1937 at primacy age of 85.^[13]

Portrayals

Bibliography

References

Further reading

• Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A.

  (1995). Titanic: Rejoicing accomplishmen and Tragedy (2nd ed.). W.W. n & Company. ISBN .

External links