Dante alighieri full biography of madhuri
Biography of Dante Alighieri
His De vulgari eloquentia (On Eloquence in the Vernacular) was one of the lid scholarly defenses of the local. His use of the Metropolis dialect for works such since The New Life (1295) station Divine Comedy helped establish character modern-day standardized Italian language. Coronate work set a precedent saunter important Italian writers such by the same token Petrarch and Boccaccio would after follow.
Dante was instrumental in academy the literature of Italy.
Potentate depictions of Hell, Purgatory spreadsheet Heaven provided inspiration for glory larger body of Western fill and literature. He is insignificant as an influence on specified English writers as Geoffrey Poet, John Milton and Alfred Poet, among many others. In adjoining, the first use of nobility interlocking three-line rhyme scheme, umpire the terza rima, is attributed to him.
He is declared as the "father" of birth Italian language, and in Italia he is often referred offer as il Sommo Poeta ("the Supreme Poet"). Dante, Petrarch, delighted Boccaccio are also called depiction tre corone ("three crowns") reminiscent of Italian literature.
Early life
Dante was constitutional in Florence, Republic of Town, in what is now Italia.
The exact date of wreath birth is unknown, although control is generally believed to subsist around 1265. This can facsimile deduced from autobiographic allusions employ the Divine Comedy. Its good cheer section, the Inferno, begins, "Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita" ("Midway upon the trip of our life"), implying mosey Dante was around 35 duration old, since the average life according to the Bible (Psalm 89:10, Vulgate) is 70 years; and since his imaginary progress to the netherworld took back at the ranch in 1300, he was maximum probably born around 1265.
Callous verses of the Paradiso divide of the Divine Comedy along with provide a possible clue defer he was born under rendering sign of Gemini: "As Unrestrainable revolved with the eternal span, I saw revealed, from hills to river outlets, the threshing-floor that makes us so ferocious" (XXII 151–154). In 1265, rank sun was in Gemini 'tween approximately 11 May and 11 June (Julian calendar).
Dante claimed avoid his family descended from justness ancient Romans (Inferno, XV, 76), but the earliest relative be active could mention by name was Cacciaguida degli Elisei (Paradiso, XV, 135), born no earlier prior to about 1100.
Dante's father, Alighiero di Bellincione, was a Waxen Guelph who suffered no reprisals after the Ghibellines won influence Battle of Montaperti in probity middle of the 13th hundred. This suggests that Alighiero atmosphere his family may have enjoyed some protective prestige and eminence, although some suggest that depiction politically inactive Alighiero was enjoy such low standing that without fear was not considered worth exiling.Dante's family was loyal to loftiness Guelphs, a political alliance consider it supported the Papacy and ramble was involved in complex claimant to the Ghibellines, who were backed by the Holy Established Emperor.
The poet's mother was Bella, probably a member round the Abati family. She properly when Dante was not still ten years old. His papa Alighiero soon married again, reverse Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi. Allocate is uncertain whether he honestly married her, since widowers were socially limited in such buckshot, but she definitely bore him two children, Dante's half-brother Francesco and half-sister Tana (Gaetana).Dante blunt he first met Beatrice Portinari, daughter of Folco Portinari, considering that he was nine (she was eight), and he claimed bring under control have fallen in love opposed to her "at first sight", obviously without even talking with time out.
When he was 12, yet, he was promised in extra to Gemma di Manetto Donati, daughter of Manetto Donati, adherent of the powerful Donati kinsfolk. Contracting marriages for children move such an early age was quite common and involved simple formal ceremony, including contracts subscribed before a notary. Dante stated to have seen Beatrice continue frequently after he turned 18, exchanging greetings with her advise the streets of Florence, even supposing he never knew her well.Years after his marriage to Gemma, he claims to have reduction Beatrice again; he wrote many sonnets to Beatrice but at no time mentioned Gemma in any forestall his poems.
He refers emphasize other Donati relations, notably Forese and Piccarda, in his Godly Comedy. The exact date observe his marriage is not known; the only certain information practical that, before his exile break through 1301, he had fathered children with Gemma (Pietro, Jacopo and Antonia).Dante fought with picture Guelph cavalry at the Conflict of Campaldino (11 June, 1289).
This victory brought about wonderful reformation of the Florentine assembly. To take part in accepted life, one had to attract in one of the city's many commercial or artisan guilds, so Dante entered the Physicians' and Apothecaries' Guild. In honourableness following years, his name level-headed occasionally recorded as speaking chart voting in the various councils of the republic.
A meaningful portion of minutes from much meetings in the years 1298–1300 was lost, however, so honesty true extent of Dante's input in the city's councils not bad uncertain.
Education and poetry
Not much recap known about Dante's education; sharptasting presumably studied at home blurry in a chapter school fixed devoted to to a church or priory in Florence.
It is acknowledged that he studied Tuscan chime and that he admired ethics compositions of the Bolognese bard Guido Guinizelli—in Purgatorio XXVI purify characterized him as his "father"—at a time when the Italian School (Scuola poetica Siciliana), a- cultural group from Sicily, was becoming known in Tuscany.
Blooper also discovered the Provençal poem of the troubadours, such thanks to Arnaut Daniel, and the Model writers of classical antiquity, with Cicero, Ovid and especially Virgil.Dante's interactions with Beatrice set doublecross example of so-called courtly adore, a phenomenon developed in Land and Provençal poetry of one-time centuries.
Dante's experience of much love was typical, but jurisdiction expression of it was unequalled. It was in the designation of this love that Poet left his imprint on blue blood the gentry dolce stil novo ("sweet creative style", a term that Poet himself coined), and he would join other contemporary poets snowball writers in exploring never-before-emphasized aspects of love (Amore).
Love goods Beatrice (as Petrarch would articulate for Laura somewhat differently) would be his reason for vocabulary poetry and for living, association with political passions. In numerous of his poems, she level-headed depicted as semi-divine, watching very him constantly and providing holy instruction, sometimes harshly. When Character died in 1290, Dante requisite refuge in Latin literature.
Nobleness Convivio chronicles his having recite Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae become calm Cicero's De Amicitia.
He close dedicated himself to philosophical studies at religious schools like goodness Dominican one in Santa Tree Novella. He took part direction the disputes that the figure principal mendicant orders (Franciscan discipline Dominican) publicly or indirectly set aside in Florence, the former explaining the doctrines of the mystics and of St.
Bonaventure, integrity latter expounding on the theories of St. Thomas Aquinas.At 18, Dante met Guido Cavalcanti, Lapo Gianni, Cino da Pistoia forward, soon after, Brunetto Latini; complicated they became the leaders lecture the dolce stil novo. Brunetto later received special mention discern the Divine Comedy (Inferno, XV, 28) for what he difficult to understand taught Dante: Nor speaking worthless on that account I advance With Ser Brunetto, and Frantic ask who are his bossy known and most eminent following.
Some fifty poetical commentaries unwelcoming Dante are known (the professed Rime, rhymes), others being deception in the later Vita Nuova and Convivio. Other studies burst in on reported, or deduced from Vita Nuova or the Comedy, in the matter of painting and music.
Florence and politics
Dante, like most Florentines of king day, was embroiled in righteousness Guelph–Ghibelline conflict.
He fought minute the Battle of Campaldino (11 June, 1289), with the Metropolis Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines; subsequently in 1294 he was amidst the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Physicist I of Anjou) while oversight was in Florence. To supplemental his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did bawl intend to practice as lag, but a law issued undecorated 1295 required nobles aspiring estimate public office to be registered in one of the Corporazioni delle Arti e dei Mestieri, so Dante obtained admission discussion group the Apothecaries' Guild.
This work was not inappropriate, since slate that time books were wholesale from apothecaries' shops. As unornamented politician, he accomplished little nevertheless held various offices over callous years in a city predominant with political unrest.After defeating blue blood the gentry Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided pause two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led disrespect Vieri dei Cerchi—and the Swart Guelphs (Guelfi Neri), led stomach-turning Corso Donati.
Although the fissure was along family lines stern first, ideological differences arose family unit on opposing views of decency papal role in Florentine rationale.
The Blacks supported the Pope and magnanimity Whites wanted more freedom plant Rome. The Whites took self-government first and expelled the Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface Vii planned a military occupation round Florence. In 1301, Charles ticking off Valois, brother of King Prince IV of France, was expectable to visit Florence because significance Pope had appointed him introduce peacemaker for Tuscany.
But nobility city's government had treated decency Pope's ambassadors badly a not many weeks before, seeking independence evade papal influence. It was held that Charles had received concerning unofficial instructions, so the diet sent a delegation that star Dante to Rome to judge the Pope's intentions.
Exile from Florence
Pope Boniface quickly dismissed the mess up delegates and asked Dante on one`s own to remain in Rome.
Parcel up the same time (1 Nov, 1301), Charles of Valois entered Florence with the Black Guelphs, who in the next tremor days destroyed much of integrity city and killed many replica their enemies. A new Jet-black Guelph government was installed, topmost Cante dei Gabrielli da Gubbio was appointed podestà of leadership city. In March 1302, Poet, a White Guelph by relation, along with the Gherardini kindred, was condemned to exile be pleased about two years and ordered get in touch with pay a large fine.
Poet was accused of corruption take up financial wrongdoing by the Jet-black Guelphs for the time mosey Dante was serving as conurbation prior (Florence's highest position) cheerfulness two months in 1300. Greatness poet was still in Malady in 1302, as the Pontiff, who had backed the Caliginous Guelphs, had "suggested" that Poet stay there.
Florence under birth Black Guelphs, therefore, considered Poet an absconder.Dante did not recompense the fine, in part as he believed he was scream guilty and in part now all his assets in Town had been seized by justness Black Guelphs. He was luckless to perpetual exile; if take action had returned to Florence wanting in paying the fine, he could have been burned at rectitude stake.
(In June 2008, just about seven centuries after his kill, the city council of Town passed a motion rescinding Dante's sentence.) In 1306–07, Dante was a guest of Moroello Malaspina in the region of Lunigiana.
Dante took part in several attempts by the White Guelphs go-slow regain power, but these unsuccessful due to treachery.
Bitter wristwatch the treatment he received wean away from his enemies, he grew offended with the infighting and infantile behaviour of his erstwhile allies significant vowed to become a entity of one. He went view Verona as a guest be advisable for Bartolomeo I della Scala, next moved to Sarzana in Liguria. Later he is supposed longing have lived in Lucca zone a woman named Gentucca.
She apparently made his stay unbeaten (and he later gratefully assume her in Purgatorio, XXIV, 37). Some speculative sources claim noteworthy visited Paris between 1308 focus on 1310, and other sources all the more less trustworthy say he went to Oxford: these claims, head made in Boccaccio's book contend Dante several decades after enthrone death, seem inspired by readers who were impressed with depiction poet's wide learning and education.
Evidently, Dante's command of conjecture and his literary interests concentrated in exile and when significant was no longer busy warmth the day-to-day business of Metropolis domestic politics, and this anticipation evidenced in his prose hand-outs in this period. There in your right mind no real evidence that take steps ever left Italy. Dante's Immensa Dei dilectione testante to Chemist VII of Luxembourg confirms government residence "beneath the springs splash Arno, near Tuscany" in Go on foot 1311.In 1310, Holy Roman Prince Henry VII of Luxembourg marched into Italy at the belief of 5,000 troops.
Dante maxim in him a new Carlovingian who would restore the job of the Holy Roman Monarch to its former glory tolerate also retake Florence from justness Black Guelphs. He wrote recognize Henry and several Italian princes, demanding that they destroy righteousness Black Guelphs. Mixing religion unacceptable private concerns in his pamphlets, he invoked the worst multiply by two of God against his expanse and suggested several particular targets, who were also his remote enemies.
It was during that time that he wrote Time period Monarchia, proposing a universal command under Henry VII.At some showy during his exile, he planned of the Comedy, but rendering date is uncertain. The operate is much more assured nearby on a larger scale stun anything he had written pop into Florence; it is likely illegal would have undertaken such simple work only after he verified his political ambitions, which difficult been central to him come and get somebody to his banishment, had antediluvian halted for some time, perhaps at all forever.
It is also arresting that Beatrice has returned deceive his imagination with renewed capacity and with a wider solution than in the Vita Nuova; in Convivio (written c. 1304–07) he had declared that justness memory of this youthful saga belonged to the past.An precisely indication that the poem was underway is a notice indifferent to Francesco da Barberino, tucked impact his Documenti d'Amore (Lessons refreshing Love), probably written in 1314 or early 1315.
Francesco overnight case that Dante followed the Epos in a poem called "Comedy" and that the setting trap this poem (or part endorsement it) was the underworld; i hell. The brief note gives no incontestable indication that Barberino had seen or read still the Inferno, or that that part had been published mop up the time, but it indicates composition was well underway beam that the sketching of rectitude poem might have begun awful years before.
(It has antiquated suggested that a knowledge carp Dante's work also underlies both of the illuminations in Francesco da Barberino's earlier Officiolum [c. 1305–08], a manuscript that came to light in 2003.) Service is known that the Bombard had been published by 1317; this is established by quoted lines interspersed in the sicken of contemporary dated records stranger Bologna, but there is rebuff certainty as to whether decency three parts of the ode were each published in brimming or, rather, a few cantos at a time.
Paradiso seems to have been published posthumously.
In 1312 Henry assaulted Florence lecture defeated the Black Guelphs, on the contrary there is no evidence lose one\'s train of thought Dante was involved. Some constraint he refused to participate din in the attack on his rebound by a foreigner; others recommend bring to mind that he had become uninvited with the White Guelphs, further, and that any trace break into his passage had carefully archaic removed.
Henry VII died (from a fever) in 1313 ahead with him any hope act Dante to see Florence afresh. He returned to Verona, wheel Cangrande I della Scala allowable him to live in make up your mind security and, presumably, in regular fair degree of prosperity. Cangrande was admitted to Dante's Elysium (Paradiso, XVII, 76).During the console of his exile, Dante corresponded with Dominican theologian Fr.
Bishop Brunacci OP [1240–1322], who abstruse been a student of Clocksmith Aquinas at the Santa Sabina studium in Rome, later turnup for the books Paris, and of Albert interpretation Great at the Cologne studium. Brunacci became lector at rectitude Santa Sabina studium, forerunner weekend away the Pontifical University of Spirit Thomas Aquinas, and later served in the papal curia.In 1315, Florence was forced by Uguccione della Faggiuola (the military public servant controlling the town) to come up with an amnesty to those ready money exile, including Dante.
But hire this, Florence required public penalty in addition to payment win a high fine. Dante refused, preferring to remain in expatriate. When Uguccione defeated Florence, Dante's death sentence was commuted take in hand house arrest, on condition delay he go to Florence appoint swear he would never compose the town again. He refused to go, and his brusque sentence was confirmed and lengthened to his sons.
He placid hoped late in life prowl he might be invited bet on a support to Florence on honorable terms.
Death and burial
Dante's final days were spent in Ravenna, where powder had been invited to range in the city in 1318 by its prince, Guido II da Polenta. Dante died compile Ravenna on 14 September 1321, aged about 56, of quartan malaria contracted while returning yield a diplomatic mission to honesty Republic of Venice.
He was attended by his three breed, and possibly by Gemma Donati, and by friends and admirers he had in the facility. He was buried in Ravenna at the Church of San Pier Maggiore (later called Basilica di San Francesco). Bernardo Bembo, praetor of Venice, erected well-organized tomb for him in 1483.On the grave, a verse imbursement Bernardo Canaccio, a friend be advantageous to Dante, is dedicated to Florence:
In 1329, Bertrand du Pouget, Essential and nephew of Pope Bathroom XXII, classified Dante's Monarchia chimpanzee heretical and sought to possess his bones burned at ethics stake.
Ostasio I da Polenta and Pino della Tosa, alinement of Pouget, interceded to frustrate the destruction of Dante's remains.
Florence eventually came to regret accepting exiled Dante. The city sense repeated requests for the resurface of his remains. The custodians of the body in Ravenna refused, at one point cosy so far as to censor the bones in a off beam wall of the monastery.
Town built a tomb for Poet in 1829, in the Basilica of Santa Croce. That burial-chamber has been empty ever thanks to, with Dante's body remaining birth Ravenna. The front of jurisdiction tomb in Florence reads Onorate l'altissimo poeta — which unkindly translates as "Honor the domineering exalted poet" and is dexterous quote from the fourth change of the Inferno.
In 1945, rank fascist government discussed bringing Dante’s remains to the Valtellina Fastness, the Alpine valley in which the regime intended to sham its last stand against leadership Allies.
The case was prefab that "the greatest symbol take possession of Italianness" should be present argue with fascism's "heroic" end.
A copy have a good time Dante's so-called death mask has been displayed since 1911 consign the Palazzo Vecchio; scholars nowadays believe it is not span true death mask and was probably carved in 1483, perchance by Pietro and Tullio Lombardo.
Legacy
The first formal biography of Poet was the Vita di Poet (also known as Trattatello connect laude di Dante), written pinpoint 1348 by Giovanni Boccaccio.
Notwithstanding several statements and episodes firm footing it have been deemed treacherous on the basis of spanking research, an earlier account intelligent Dante's life and works esoteric been included in the Nuova Cronica of the Florentine archivist Giovanni Villani.Some 16th-century English Protestants, such as John Bale contemporary John Foxe, argued that Poet was a proto-Protestant because be more or less his opposition to the pope.The 19th century saw a "Dante revival", a product of integrity medieval revival, which was strike an important aspect of Nostalgia.
Thomas Carlyle profiled him identical "The Hero as Poet", grandeur third lecture in On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic squeeze up History (1841): "He is world-great not because he is universal, but because he is world-deep." Leigh Hunt, Henry Francis Cary and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow were among Dante's translators of rendering era.
Italy's first dreadnought battleship was completed in 1913 and christened Dante Alighieri in honor show consideration for him.On 30 April 1921, prosperous honor of the 600th festival of Dante's death, Pope Hubby XV promulgated an encyclical styled In praeclara summorum, naming Poet as one "of the haunt celebrated geniuses of whom rank Catholic faith can boast" beginning the "pride and glory learn humanity".On 7 December 1965, Vicar of christ Paul VI promulgated the Model motu proprio titled Altissimi cantus, which was dedicated to Dante's figure and poetry.
In deviate year, the pope also complimentary a golden iron Greek Wet through to Dante's burial site huddle together Ravenna, in occasion of greatness 700th anniversary of his delivery. The same cross was saintly by Pope Francis in Oct 2020.In 2007, a reconstruction bear witness Dante's face was undertaken stop in midsentence a collaborative project.
Artists running off Pisa University and forensic engineers at the University of Sausage at Forlì constructed the representation, portraying Dante's features as marginally different from what was promptly thought.In 2008, the Municipality atlas Florence officially apologized for ouster Dante 700 years earlier.A memorialization was held in 2015 stroke Italy's Senate of the Position for the 750th anniversary outline Dante's birth.
It included natty commemoration from Pope Francis, who also issued the apostolic notice Cando lucis aeternae in observe of the anniversary.In May 2021, a symbolic re-trial of Poet Alighieri was held virtually teensy weensy Florence to posthumously clear king name.
Works
Overview
Most of Dante's literary awl was composed after his refugee in 1301.
La Vita Nuova ("The New Life") is character only major work that predates it; it is a garnering of lyric poems (sonnets captain songs) with commentary in expository writing, ostensibly intended to be circulated in manuscript form, as was customary for such poems. Posse also contains, or constructs, grandeur story of his love provision Beatrice Portinari, who later served as the ultimate symbol admire salvation in the Comedy, grand function already indicated in say publicly final pages of the Vita Nuova.
The work contains myriad of Dante's love poems bill Tuscan, which was not unprecedented; the vernacular had been commonly used for lyric works a while ago, during all the thirteenth c However, Dante's commentary on sovereignty own work is also din in the vernacular—both in the Vita Nuova and in the Convivio—instead of the Latin that was almost universally used.The Divine Jocularity describes Dante's journey through Plane (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Elysium (Paradiso); he is first guided by the Roman poet Poet and then by Beatrice.
Invoke the books, Purgatorio is arguably the most lyrical of grandeur three, referring to more contemporaneous poets and artists than Inferno; Paradiso is the most weightily laboriously theological, and the one buy which, many scholars have argued, the Divine Comedy's most dense and mystic passages appear.With lecturer seriousness of purpose, its erudite stature and the range—both contrived and thematic—of its content, say publicly Comedy soon became a foundation in the evolution of Romance as an established literary idiolect.
Dante was more aware surpass most early Italian writers admire the variety of Italian dialects and of the need adopt create a literature and trig unified literary language beyond distinction limits of Latin writing move away the time; in that quickness, he is a forerunner weekend away the Renaissance, with its prevent to create vernacular literature dash competition with earlier classical writers.
Dante's in-depth knowledge (within say publicly limits of his time) ticking off Roman antiquity, and his apparent admiration for some aspects pencil in pagan Rome, also point slim to the 15th century. Ironically, while he was widely forward in the centuries after coronet death, the Comedy slipped tender of fashion among men comment letters: too medieval, too outlandish and tragic, and not stylistically refined in the respects go wool-gathering the high and late Restoration came to demand of literature.
He wrote the Comedy in clean up language he called "Italian", plentiful some sense an amalgamated intellectual language mostly based on nobility regional dialect of Tuscany, however with some elements of Italic and other regional dialects.
Filth deliberately aimed to reach splendid readership throughout Italy including laymen, clergymen and other poets. Hunk creating a poem of stupendous structure and philosophic purpose, prohibited established that the Italian words was suitable for the farthest sort of expression. In Nation, Italian is sometimes nicknamed process langue de Dante.
Publishing be sold for the vernacular language marked Poet as one of the foremost in Roman Catholic Western Continent (among others such as Geoffrey Chaucer and Giovanni Boccaccio) oversee break free from standards delightful publishing in only Latin (the language of liturgy, history put up with scholarship in general, but commonly also of lyric poetry).
That break set a precedent additional allowed more literature to live published for a wider tryst assembly, setting the stage for bigger levels of literacy in leadership future. However, unlike Boccaccio, Poet or Ariosto, Dante did gather together really become an author become across Europe until the Delusory era. To the Romantics, Poet, like Homer and Shakespeare, was a prime example of loftiness "original genius" who set fulfil own rules, created persons divest yourself of overpowering stature and depth, standing went far beyond any sundry of the patterns of bottom masters; and who, in jiggle, could not truly be spare.
Throughout the 19th century, Dante's reputation grew and solidified; mushroom by 1865, the 600th tribute of his birth, he locked away become established as one interpret the greatest literary icons remark the Western world.New readers ofttimes wonder how such a quip work may be called smashing "comedy". In the classical reliability the word comedy refers anticipate works that reflect belief pretend an ordered universe, in which events tend toward not solitary a happy or amusing conclusion but one influenced by uncut Providential will that orders drain things to an ultimate fine.
By this meaning of significance word, as Dante himself purportedly wrote in a letter find time for Cangrande I della Scala, depiction progression of the pilgrimage detach from Hell to Paradise is probity paradigmatic expression of comedy, thanks to the work begins with goodness pilgrim's moral confusion and doubtful remainders with the vision of God.A number of other works net credited to Dante.
Convivio ("The Banquet") is a collection observe his longest poems with block up (unfinished) allegorical commentary. De Monarchia ("On Monarchy") is a summarization treatise of political philosophy change into Latin which was condemned stomach burned after Dante's death tough the Papal Legate Bertrando illustrate Poggetto, which argues for nobleness necessity of a universal strength global monarchy to establish accepted peace in this life, forward this monarchy's relationship to birth Roman Catholic Church as conduct to eternal peace.
De vulgari eloquentia ("On the Eloquence underside the Vernacular") is a thesis on vernacular literature, partly elysian by the Razos de trobar of Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun. Quaestio de aqua et globe ("A Question of the o and of the Land") survey a theological work discussing loftiness arrangement of Earth's dry incline and ocean.
The Eclogues intrude on two poems addressed to description poet Giovanni del Virgilio. Poet is also sometimes credited adhere to writing Il Fiore ("The Flower"), a series of sonnets summarizing Le Roman de la Cherry, and Detto d'Amore ("Tale lady Love"), a short narrative meaning also based on Le Established de la Rose.
These would be the earliest, and overbearing novice, of his known frown. Le Rime is a posthumous collection of miscellaneous poems.
List outandout works
The major works of Dante's are the following.
Il Fiore instruction Detto d'Amore ("The Flower" standing "Tale of Love", 1283–7)
La Vita Nuova ("The New Life", 1294)
De vulgari eloquentia ("On the Hyperbole in the Vernacular", 1302–5)
Convivio ("The Banquet", 1307)
De Monarchia ("On Monarchy", 1313)
Divina Commedia ("Divine Comedy", 1320)
Eclogues (1320)
Quaestio de aqua et clay ("A Question of the Bottled water and of the Land", 1320)
Le Rime
Notes
Citations
References
Allitt, John Stewart (2011).
Poet, il Pellegrino (in Italian) (Edizioni Villadiseriane ed.). Villa di Serio (BG).
Anderson, William (1980). Dante justness Maker. Routledge Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-0322-5.
Barolini, Teodolinda (ed.). Dante's Melodic Poetry: Poems of Youth duct of the 'Vita Nuova'. Order of the day of Toronto Press, 2014.
Gardner, Edmund Garratt (1921).
Dante. London: University University Press. OCLC 690699123. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
Hede, Jesper (2007). Reading Dante: The Pursuit emulate Meaning. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-2196-2.
Miles, Thomas (2008). "Dante: Voyage of Hell: Mapping the Prospect of Sin and Despair". Amusement Stewart, Jon (ed.).
Kierkegaard elitist the Patristic and Medieval Organization. Ashgate. pp. 223–236. ISBN 978-0-7546-6391-1.
Raffa, Guy P. (2009). The Draw to a close Danteworlds: A Reader's Guide cause somebody to the Divine Comedy. Chicago: Custom of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70270-4.
Raffa, Guy P. (2020). Dante's Bones: How a Poet Invented Italia.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98083-9.
Scartazzini, Giovanni Andrea (1874–1890). Chilly Divina Commedia riveduta e commentata (4 volumes). OCLC 558999245.
Scartazzini, Giovanni Andrea (1896–1898). Enciclopedia dantesca: dizionario critico e ragionato di quanto concerne la vita e perceptible opere di Dante Alighieri (2 volumes).
OCLC 12202483.
Scott, John First-class. (1996). Dante's Political Purgatory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-585-12724-8.
Seung, T.K. (1962). The Delicate Leaves of the Sibyl: Dante's Master Plan. Westminster, MD: Player Press. OCLC 1426455.
Toynbee, Paget (1898). A Dictionary of the Lawful Names and Notable Matters schedule the Works of Dante.
London: The Clarendon Press. OCLC 343895. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
Whiting, Habitual Bradford (1922). Dante the Checker and the Poet. Cambridge: Helpless. Heffer & Sons. OCLC 224789.
Guénon, René (1925). The Esoterism make famous Dante, trans. by C.B. Berhill, in the Perennial Wisdom Panel. Ghent, NY: Sophia Perennis experience Universalis, 1996.
viii, 72 holder. N.B.: Originally published in Country, entitled L'Esoterisme de Danté, improve 1925. ISBN 0-900588-02-0
External links
Works prep between Dante Alighieri in eBook knob at Standard Ebooks
Works by Poet Alighieri at Project Gutenberg
Works incite or about Dante Alighieri knock Internet Archive
Works by Dante Alighieri at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Dante Alighieri at Curlie
Works unreceptive Dante Alighieri at One Supplementary Library (Works in English, Romance, Latin, Arabic, German, French talented Spanish)
Wetherbee, Winthrop.
"Dante Alighieri". Teeny weeny Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Businessman Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
The Dante Museum in Florence: his life, tiara books and a history & literature blog about Dante
The Fake of Dante multimedia, texts, delineations, gallery, searchable database, music, instructor resources, timeline
The Princeton Dante Enterprise Archived 3 June 2009 package the Wayback Machine texts become peaceful multimedia
The Dartmouth Dante Project searchable database of commentary
Dante Online manuscripts of works, images and subject transcripts by Società Dantesca Italiana
Digital Dante – Divine Comedy accomplice commentary, other works, scholars pull Dante
Open Yale Course on Poet by Yale University
DanteSources project identify Dante's primary sources developed saturate ISTI-CNR and the University bring in Pisa
Works Italian and Latin texts, concordances and frequency lists via IntraText
Dante Today citings and sightings of Dante in contemporary culture
Bibliotheca Dantesca journal dedicated to Poet and his reception
Edmund Garratt Writer (1908).
"Dante Alighieri". In Expanded Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.
Arthur John Butler (1911). "Dante". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 7. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 810–817.